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WAYS OF HISTORY ON A PREFACE TO HISTORY (Gustavson, 1955) is based;
The most important indication, writing this article, "A Preface to the story, "G., written by Carl Gustavson, a well-organized book, and readers with reading involved which, as he explains the reasons you like reading his book, and could then start bringing in a different educational perspective, some of the dimensions that we could be in touch, through the Recognizing the importance of certain evidence about historical facts. His story is also analytical, stressed reason, logic and current cuts, leading someone on participation in the subject. Gustavson speech is constant, and we can bury the voices of other writers, subtly clever arguments and presentation of special notice arguments. He does not let us question what is said, because the answers seem to come from. He researched the branches of history, we have certainly studied before, but the best aspect is that it offers us a return on our spiral learning to do justice, so that we can improve the quality of knowledge building on facts in the past. His book is like an invitation to look for more, as much as we study concerned the role in the story. The author shows not only examples, with personalities, but describes the essential human values, and analyzes the effect of the forces in our own evolution, by clarifying our potential ability and the conflicts we had and will certainly live in a constant change of values, to innovate, although very typical of human nature and along the dimensions of space and time adjusted.
He offers us a very important role of sources, with bibliographical references, but not so much a paraphrase of the story along. His clarifications Not only are the most important, the sociological aspects, but also stressed economic, political, philosophical and cultural passages, which are well connected, so that in general Context, the sociological and basically can be understood historically. The author does not include added material, such as pictures, maps, charts, appendices, is Chapter Sub-headings, but absolutely careful with the quality of its analysis along the story, the most important literary resource he manages well.
It is his Gustavson reported in his book "A Preface to History" (Chs.01, P.02) that the History students face, in line with their idea of reality, ie the possibility to participate in the historical process that is relative, dependent of their social, cultural, economic and political development. As readers, we can understand, define its purpose, the story that an approach to the concept itself, in various combinations.
"History is like a mountain peak of human knowledge, where the buzz our own generation can be scanned and incorporated into the right dimension. "(P. 02)
History is the story of the successful, or better, successful write the history. "(p.127)
"The History consists of stories, and stories have heroes and villains have. "(P.124)
He refers on the concept of the determinists is:
"History is a record of a continuous process of evolution by a given goal, occur in the breaks and it can be determined before any unforeseen delays and detours, but the end result. "(P.124)
Another indication is the concept of Voltaire:
"History is but a picture of crime and misfortune." (P.110)
Although he noted that history is not science, he admits that there is a close relationship with the people believe of reality, so that the registrations of people access to different facts and convenient time. He also compares a historical episode with a poker game, a person can only win with very good cards. The participation of the process depends on our life and what our Our ancestors have to tell about their past. So, sometimes we are directly or not, depending on the insider story on our connections with the facts. Sometimes we can only consider them as outsiders. With different approaches can we ensure we understand much better if we try to answer the questions: Who am I, where I came from and where I go. Familiarity with the basic concepts and Processes helps students to understand our experience as a company and he / she would probably be included in history, in the search and the search for his roots, even as an outsider. It will probably help to promote the development of skills, and they will be more enlightened citizens, with a good sense of perception in the assessment of a public issue (p. 5). Anyway, it depends too much of our opportunities. As reported Políbios In his book "History":
Many of us, in my view, would result in great conversations, but few are brave enough to try, among those who try it are rarely the ones who go a position to the end. (01)
For more reasonable understanding of the historical openness announced Gustavson this task into categories, and basically focuses the objective possibility of skills To develop effectively in charge of this, to us a panoramic view of its concern.
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The author does not exclude the participation of teachers in post needs for students, but it is clear that the interpretation of history on the approach each have, in accordance with our personality we can depend. In this educational process, we should keep the need for appropriate reading which he makes reference to the words:
"The more you know, the more you learn." (P. 08)
We understand that the deal depends on the development of the individual what he / she is, day after day looking. As Fairclough questions:
"Whose voice is that the student or the university administration? (02)
Also, we agree with the inclusion of history is connected, especially in the academy, where relevant topics are presented, but it has no relationship with personal interest to be involved with the attitude to study, which is variable in accordance with our interests. Our language is formed by several voices, as Bakhtin once said. And history is to subtract for these voices. It makes sense to see the speech as opposed to history.
Although this interest, they moved him / her to be plugged in daily news of their emergent Interests. Various readings and "input" would probably lead him / her to intertextuality and development of his cognitive perception the formulation of his speech to his data processing. Contrastive ideas of our personal concerns, and the others, gives us a chance to share our lives. He mentioned Cicero and Santayana to strengthen the meaning of the flashing back to the past, which is sometimes very important. But flash forward, so we better prospects for have the future.
Anyway, it depends on our perception, as connected with the presence of the past. There is evidence to reinforce the idea that we improve Our "modus vivendi" as much as we know about our environment so that we better meet our needs. The author gives some examples of how history can be determined along the time, such as fashion, furniture, art, anthropology and geological features, hunting and fishing: the use of fur in clothing: Weather. (P.12-24)
The author mentions the importance of the weather, reinforce the idea that we predict. Rain, snow, wind, weather phenomena are the also contribute to our culture and behave the way we do. In terms of history, we can think about facts. He refers to water vapor in the air, water, for Creating a very clear analogy that we face, how dynamic the society is and how new facts can change our PROVIDES allowed. Weather removed civilizations. We never know when new facts will happen. It is sometimes escapes every prediction. So when he says, contours of the society changes, we would understand that in the limit of our understanding is that is very relative. No one knows when to act antagonic forces where the answers to overcome these ideologies. It's like hot lava in a volcano.
It can not and will not come. Gustavson well explained that online forces to create the basic historical patterns, to recognize that we are indeed many questions also have the same thing is the result of an accident, the coincidence of the efforts of the individual personalities that includes individuals and institutions.
Periods such as the Renaissance in Italy, ancient Greece, medieval Russia, who, mercantilism in different cities are examples of the new social forces, which show the long run, their stories similar pattern. He mentioned:
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"Social Forces human Energy source in the individual motivations merge, manifestation of power. "
"The society is dynamic. These contours change, but slow. "(P. .26)
Economic groups are also involved in control of power, which means the right to vote, and themselves in society. Then, the mobility of the classes depending on their economic strength. It might be marginal, if these citizens could not buy a property. The religious forces also influenced the lives of the people, and orders as the Dominicans and Franciscans, dominates many communities particularly in the Middle Ages. Adel was also a force. As he mentioned, Nobles served as a social force to the absolute rule of the monarch to prevent. (P. 0.37). Nomads is also important in the light the adjustment would they for the new country, the diaspora should be considered, and the inclusion of all the surroundings, moving as people also suffer from interference on the way they behave, have the concept of hybrid cultures, depending on the resistance, they would, to consider those.
The author also makes reference to the Reformation, between taking into account the need to identify differences between good and bad as a rising feeling of a frustrated society that explores how feels from the highest social classes. The company claims to salvation, and is used by satanic power, fear. On the other hand, he uses the forces of crown and the church who dominated the planet for centuries. It can also strengthen the way the reader to examine the effect of the forces by the search for causes, background of agitation, the participation of personalities, strong ideas, economic forces, religious forces, technological developments, explanation of the events by weakened and strengthened institutions. He also refers to the changes that behave like the others that conduce, considering Renaissance and the impact this movement all over the world and Reformation. He cited the Cheyney says the law in history:
"Home escape Actual us all is the result of the process somewhat.
It is necessary to have the facts to a reasonable understanding of causality is white, to find the reasons and evidence and controversies, so that one interpretation of formulating the events. We also have various forms of society itself, because the process of change by focusing change and continuity as lights in our possibilities. They are abstract concepts. He offers some examples how things are changing along the way, such as: cars, football, rugby and, Parliament; Reformation; The continuity of the British Empire and Commonwealth. We have to try to use history to the present and understand our concerns as in the XX century in relation to distort the perspective of our view of the past. Historiography is not the same as novels. We need to acknowledge our sources. Evidence must also be found in the referential material, such as objects of art and documents.
Archaeologists rediscover forgotten empires and figures urge for explanations. New ones are discovered, although writing the story changes because of the constantly new research. It is a cooperative. We give the precise meaning of footnotes and references, respect for human comments above a certain topic to the voices to identify along the speech. We must each be a unique event in history (p.117) face
They guide our decisions. We must also maintain Distortions of the past through the explication of contemporary attitudes to take to historical situations. The conclusion is that presence can be better understood if We and our eyes turned to the past when interpreting facts in the present. (P. .178)
(01) Políbios, Historia, Editora Universidade de Brasilia, 1985. BOOK XXVII.
(02) Fairclough, Norman, Discourse and Social Change, 1992, West German publisher, p. 105.
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02. Gustavson says that methods of historical thinking can be profitably exploited in everyday life. Apply for historical openness to personal or professional experience. In accordance with Gustavson Historical and wind activity is a way of thinking, a form of reasoning in dealing with historical materials and problems today. There are many fields that can be helpful in addition to the story of how economic, political science, philosophy, literature and geology, are among them. 5 to 8.10 -174-178.
Gustavson reaffirmed that openness is a historical way of thinking, a form of reasoning in dealing with historical materials and problems the present. Use it occurs more or less extended in other areas in addition to actual history: economics, political science, philosophy, literature and geology are among them. In addressing this kind of thinking, is a student also improve its capacity in the other areas he presents seven categories.
1 – Observations of the personalities who make the decisions, according to a moral code, perhaps on their successes and failures. Even as the reader enjoys the story, can we never see clearly the events, because it depends on who it says, and the information that person about the facts.
2 – The historically minded Man knows that the events do not occur in isolation: each event caused and conditioned by a series of events. He is thus forced to associations sought between the individual events. Historians inevitably come back into the past.
The student has the Company to the shapes and contours – 3 to identify the forces, the dynamics in society.
4 – The historian must ensure that the inequities are increasing. He or she has to take care when taking into account the analysis of facts of play: past, present and future.
5 – Changes in society are absolute. The process is the most important point for historians
6 – The historian must have humility, so that they recognize themselves to persistent reality.
7 – Gustavson confirmed history is not science, although scientific methodology is used as much as possible.
We do not teach history, but We are studying about the need for secure it so that we reasonable arguments made during our discussions in an academic context or not. Professors can not expect too much from the students. Is it true? Deciding what to teach them is to vote them. You should expect to always start with what's going on involved so that students can have its good and open, and open eyes to the perspectives of history. We also need to be careful with the distortion of history, whenever the interpretation Facts in the present. It is more than confidences. Historians should analyze history through a telescope. Generalizations are always present, because he / she faced to be a certain point, like a blueprint in the ocean. This first stage in the development of the historic open-mindedness is definitely over when we visit another country we are in fact alien in a foreign country in contact with different cultures. Internet reduces the need for so much. So, we can be outsiders. In any event, mental boundaries are easily broken today.
Studying the past helps us to get foundations of the perspectives on the present. The People should definitely view the past from the present, occur because the mature historical determination, only if the person has made, given the current different vantage points in the past.
If Gustavson refers to inventions, he says two very different activities, but very close. The first is the spinning of cotton yarn, and the wearing of the thread into cloth. Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves invented and it made a significant difference.
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Two different facts could be observed. The industry of iron and the industry of cotton. Again and again, people could figure out the importance of water, to create enough energy so that the hands and feet could be set. Hands made the extraction of cotton and this required lots of work. So, as soon as machines took place, it is about slavery. The cotton gin, the seed should be unbundled. So even with the machines, men's action was very necessary. Many other inventions were developed, such as automotive, aircraft, telegraph, telephone, evolution theory, magnetism, X-rays, steamer, electric light, printing machine, a large had meaning for life in society. to destroy press, because it was considered to be a creation of the devil. Some developments in astronomy could also be observed. Nicolau Copernicus and Ptolomeu develop studies of celestial machinery. "The Earth moves around the sun rather than the earth to the center of the university." Another Things like telescope, microscope, barometer and air pump was invented. Press allows Reformation. If you consider delay, we would believe that he Sharing knowledge on to future generations was hard. (P.151) – The outbreak of technological change did, to act only as a social force in the storytelling. Every inventor stands on the shoulders of those who continue it.
3. Gustavson represents several driving forces that influence and change the history, each contained in a separate chapter (chess 4,7,8,10,12,14,15, discuss, analyze and comment on 2 of these forces.
It is interesting to observe that a good story begins with the engagement of someone in a particular context. Then it sounds, that people respond to the new person is present, and gives the coordinates in the future. This is what we observe in Gustavson story of Francis Drake, Christopher Columbus and merchants, as they get involved, combined Forces, taking into account their interests. It states that, at last, "Social forces are human energies that merge with Origin in individual motivations, in a collective manifestation of power. "He represents religion Social and technological Forc it. The first is illustrated with more examples, especially on the point of the guide, and conclusions by the influence of ideas. (P.132) Bartolomé de Las Casas, the event makes a man whose father traveled with Columbus his mind, and Indians came into the country and enough to start his career as a planter. We can remember " the presence of the votes by a sermon, the theme was: "I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness.
They managed interests of the people, by sacraments. Anyway, when Las Casas returned to Spain, he was named the Protector-General of the Indians. He had power to Indians. Franz Xavier, a different personality, who went to Paris. He was in touch with Loyola;. Where "The Alexander the Great, the Church, he worked in the Orient with the colonies, especially in Malacaa, Goa, Japan. He died near China. What will strengthen Gustavson is the forces that doomed many people, like Las Casas and Xavier. Both left the splendor and power of the mother church behind and came simply dressed, important far away from the church itself, only to pray with the people and defenders of the Word of God, and how their lives: the world achieve the power in the whole, especially those in which Islamic religions were officially. The second, the author suggests that we need to backtrack a little ship in the history of the development of deep-sea and a special emphasis must be given to means of particular knowledge of navigation. Portuguese caravels developed and Spanish people, great sailing ships, such as English navigators.
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Basically, they had very specific interests, such as the ability to carry out foods for the whole team and gunpowder. Then, to the ability of humans to the development of new products or inventions or ways of doing things. An example of how important the fact is, could be given by attributed to the Turks, whose success in their conquests of Christians to their modern means of warfare. These new discoveries illustrate a third type of social force. Weapons greatly enhanced influence of ideas and the military has its origin in the necessities of the armed defense.
If we have the power of the Church view, we need their controversy over his position in the world, the diversity of religion, focusing mainly Islamic, the paper of the Lutheran Reformation, Calvinist and Anglican. Later Protestants. He represents the relationship between knowledge acquisition and the importance of the book. The most important point is that was common when printing, people were literate, and get the church is not in doubt to get people to excommunicate the interdict. People thought of salvation. The people had two to reduce their guilt by confession, and the duty of repentance. The influence of the clergy is notorious. Then, the response of the Reformation, the strengthening of the papal Infallibility as a response to the twentieth century, the treatment of French Revolution, nationalism and materialist Marxism XVII and XVIII century and today, individualism (P.138). The king was an absolute ruler. The importance of Parliament is remarkable. A strong army guarantees the royal power. The main course, the triumph of the monarchy Versailles should be illustrated with the passage into the palace, "Létat cest moi" (I am the state) (p.91) Different ideologies French statements are no longer the Rhine, was whether the despotic Louis XIV From the other side of the dominant geographical influence of modern Britain, the Sea (p.93), it becomes easier to understand by the expansion of British Colonial Ventures. England did not want the unification of Europe. Then start some alliances are improved. It some characteristic features of self-preservation and increase justifies the attempt of the balance of power. The founding fathers of the United States contributed to new concepts to establish checks and balances between the three powers -. the executive, legislative and judicial branches of institutional power can lead to anarchy and tyranny, it can really do. observed by examining growth of enlightened self-interest in a domestic balance of power and by the law itself. This restriction of power during the twentieth century has moved into international affairs. (P.98).
If we consider the revolution, we would have for trade understand industry, Russian, French see those, so we examine the phenomenon that we are here, "is one in which the social or economic group is replaced in the control of the state by another group under circumstances of violence. (P.99)
So these facts are probably related to Target, that of men, that they formulate new conceptions of life. Ideological forces with the speech correlates conduce to change. If it does not Pacific should they discussed or imposed, but by poverty of the people. Gustavson considers it is a mistake to say that the plight of the people is the main reason for revolution, admits but a little truth. This poverty should be fought only with the intensification of commercial trade, which was very dependent on the weather of navigation. Misery was not the case a revolution before the end of the eighteenth century. So, it's not to say really, it was the main reason for revolution, especially in France and England until 1789. What we is to understand that power, not only the monarchy but clergyman, began to lose power. Governments show incompetence and the Church of their iniquities. The first provides a kind of privileges, the second, restrictions. So enlightenment took, place in history. (England -1680). The decadence of the aristocracy and despotism inciting revolution.
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This fact is reinforced by BURNS subsidiary sources (, 589-592). Had we very much before, with the Renaissance, Reform, would say, it could be the issue have changed. (Burns 572-580). Especially the one who of faith in existing institutions destroyed, suggesting reform (Gustavson, 109). For sure these forces contribute to determine the course of history. As mentioned Gustavson, "We prefer the free will of the people believe in his ability to make decisions both as a private person and personality of the public to make life. (P.123).
We could also show determinism and the Great Man Theory. We all know that history is made up of stories, including villains and heroes presents Historical Figures, and more attention, more than the forces to do. The proponents of determinism believe history is a record of continuous process progress towards a predetermined target may occur in which interruptions, and unexpected delays and detours, it can, but the end result is preordained.
We have also strengthened the power of the religious was involved in the design of the krone. A good example is the fact that King Henry VIII of England, the religious history of his country changed by the establishment of a Free Church of England seems from foreign control and Protestant England, if it's just important, was in Germany. The Catholic Church of England remains to this day in some aspects. The real Reformation in England summoned to take permanent control of the country. If we, the forces between people. Also contribute what they should be approved or not by the church. Clothes reflect the behavior of men. Accepting a need out to do compliance. We also have our conventionalize axiomatic premises in certain patterns familiar and acceptable to all. (P.152). We must learn experiences so that our ideas can select features and integrates them to form our personality and turn to a specific point of reference, re-discovery us towards a sense of reality and conviction. Ideas are the threads that bind the minds of enough people together for a common approach to come (p.153). When we refer technological forces. We need to recognize the importance of certain inventions. They come from specific needs, or curiosity. The acceptance of ideas, such as the creation of inventions, is dependent on the cultural level of a people. Is this is the point where the forces collide. The spirit of innovation and creation, be manifested do we humans could not, because it was against the principles of the Church. As mentioned Gustavson: "In times of cultural lag (where ideas failed Pace with physical progress) minimize the mismatch between ideology and human reality spurs the search for new insights. "(P. 155). We also had the effect of ideologies, ranging from nationalism, socialism, individualism, communism, Marxism, capitalism, above all. The most important point here is how these systems to human came to mind, the interaction with religious statements. Surely the basis of everything always the working class, the unions and the balance between commanders have been ordered and people. "Marxism was as possessive of a man soul and spirit as a religion (p.160). Ideas can be imposed by force. Even if accepted, may It will be completely changed. (Social Forces).
By the way, if we consider the power, we must say, that, as you have control over certain groups can exercise is through an efficient organization that can develop and to implement such a campaign and a necessity. Although power is not verbal persuasion (p.182) is limited. There are kinds of power. It is for the company, which is energy in the physical world. Gustavson said that is the law necessary only for a few, and the police means that the regime is facing strong internal opposition. In England meant power the ability to produce weapons. From the other Hand, we also have spiritual power that comes from the effects of religious beliefs and men.
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Technological Power is an emerging form that has not yet been brought to full use. (One way to control the forces of nature). (P.181) – technologists and scientists tend to stay in power because they know that some very objective forces. Education leads to leadership, which also means power. Americans are joiners. A good example is the employee associations. The abuse of the use of weapons "ideas are weapons" (p.196) created a myth with the propaganda that the end result justifies way. It is involved people with a specific goal that does not correlate all. The maintenance of the jurisdiction over the other leads to freedom Oppression. The science of government is simply a science, as people think and how they work to keep quiet. (P.196). Apply authority does not affect the right of freedom of the individual and the associations.
War was a constant danger. We need prevention. Circumstances led men and more men made circumstances. The result was a general belief rather play as a war. Not always. His own country refused Ex Wilson the prophet of a new world order. (P.202). As a result, several smaller wars, oppression of slavery, modern slavery, were peddling of narcotics, some of the league conquests. Agreement on extradition specifically Arms embargo. In accordance with the League of Nations, the war was morally unacceptable. Then this statement: The life of an individual sees a constant process of adaptation to environmental mainly because of technological change, which had produced a dramatic change in the physical environment of nations (p.206). There are moments in history, we face the reaction of people to invaders, such as Syria and Lebanon – French man. To end up the war is utopian. Granted, it is barbarism. Social forces nor evidence of individual Muscles and ambitions nor fingers, the story (p.210) to write.
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In summary our consideration of his concerns, we have to say that reading through this book, we understand the complexity of some events, more than a simple presentation of facts, the place of continuity and change in history, by a very well-organized sequence of presentation that demonstrated the great capacity of the author's Opinion and clarification of some relevant historical events from a different angle.
His enthusiasm about the mission to provide specifically the educator to knowledge, engages in a fierce fight against the evidence, we are all very keen to live the present, rarely examining the past and the future with confidence, the absolute important for us educators, is not head of the successive actions of the students who sometimes have to read about it, just listen. When we walk on this path, only oral speech, we are like mom and dad will be recommended to very typical of speech. It is up to them the importance of the face on their existence in the total and global context, and no remedy for indifference, which is usually observed, not only by the students, but especially teachers. It sounds that we the breath of history Gustavson book and a good filter, so the quality of our concerns is of a very dark throughout, where basic knowledge is created, in deep silence, when we recognized the opportunity reflect on the significance of these studies have, by listening to the voices, wherever they are.
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Works Cited
Burns, Edward McNall, history of Western civilization, Globo Ed. 1971st
Gustavson, Carl G., an introduction to history, copyright. 1955, McGraw Hill.
Gibaldi, Joseph York. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, New:
Modern Language Association, 1988.
About the Author
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