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Cellulose acetate
History
Acetate was the first time in 1904 when Camille Dreyfus and his younger brother Henri, the chemical research and development in a Scales introduced in her father's garden in Basel, Switzerland. Because her father was interested in a chemical factory, his influence was probably a factor in their choice of career. And when Basel was a center for the paint industry, it was natural that her first success, the development of synthetic indigo dyes. In search of a Box that offers truly unlimited possibilities, they realize that selected from cellulose acetate products, including fibers for textile use.
For five years the Dreyfus brothers studied and experimented a logical, systematic manner in Switzerland and France. By 1910 they had perfected acetate coatings and films, opening up a Factory in Basel is capable of more than three tons per day. This was largely due to the sale of celluloid industry in France and Germany, and Pathe Frres in Paris for non-flammable Film base. A small but growing amount of acetate lacquer, called "dope" was sold to coat the growing aviation industry, the fabric covering Wings and fuselage.
After some twenty thousand different experiments of 1913, the brothers produced excellent laboratory samples of continuous filament acetate. The outbreak the First World War delayed completion of the development of successful commercial production until 1921. The war is of course necessary rapid expansion of the Basler factory that their Trade with Germany is canceled and only the Allied Governments with acetate provided "dope" for military aircraft.
In November 1914 the British Government invited Dr. Camille Dreyfus to come to England to acetate "dope" to produce. The "British Cellulose and Chemical Manufacturing Co was established. At the end of World War II, the British Government terminated all contracts and the company be changed to produce acetate fibers. In 1918 its name was changed to British Celanese Ltd.
In 1917, the War Department, the Government invited the United States, Dr. Dreyfus, a similar plant in the U.S. after joining to establish in the war. After about six weeks, a contract has been wanted for sale of acetate "dope" negotiated to the War Department and a plant site. Dr. Dreyfus and his colleagues began the construction of the American company at Cumberland, Maryland in 1918, but the war was over before the plant could be completed. The business concluded with the Government in due course, was the construction of the plant continued in the early core of the administration began to mount, and completed the development of the organization in the UK first commercially successful acetate yarns. In England, in 1912 the British company produced the first commercial cellulose acetate yarn. The yarn was sold primarily for Crochet trim and effect yarns and for popular-priced food.
The first yarn was spun Plant in America on Christmas Day 1924, at Cumberland, Maryland. The first yarn was of fair quality, but sales resistance was heavy, silk and staff worked hard to discredit and discourage its use acetate. Acetate, a enormous success as a fiber for Moir, because its quality, the thermoplastic Moir Design made absolutely permanent. The same feature also permanently pleating a commercial fact for the first time and gave great impetus to the whole style of dress industry.
That was a real contribution. The mix of silk and acetate in tissue was achieved at the beginning and almost Cotton was once well mixed, so that possible low-cost tissue through a fiber, which was then cheaper than silk or acetate. Today acetate is mixed with silk, cotton, wool, nylon, textiles etc. to give an excellent wrinkle recovery, good links, handle, draping quality, fast drying, proper dimensional stability, cross-dye Pattern of potential to become a very competitive price.
Acetate and triacetate
Acetate and triacetate mistakenly referred to as the same fiber, although they are similar, are different, their chemical compounds. Triacetate is known as a generic description does not contain acetate or primary hydroxyl group. Acetate is known as amended or secondary acetate with two or more hydroxyl groups. Triacetate, although no longer produced in the United States contain a higher ratio of acetate and cellulose acetate fibers than this.
Cellulose acetate
Cellulose acetate film was introduced in 1934 as a replacement for the cellulose nitrate film, the previously Standard. exposed to heat, moisture or acids in the film base deterioration begin with an unusable state, releasing acetic acid with a characteristic Vinegar odor, making the process are known as "vinegar syndrome." Acetate film stock is still negative in some applications such as camera used for motion pictures. Since the 1980s, polyester film stock (often with Kodak trade name "ESTAR Base") has more on the agenda, especially for archival applications. Acetate film was also used as a base for magnetic tape, before the advent of polyester film.
Cellulose acetate computer tape
Cellulose acetate magnetic tape was in the years from IBM introduced in 1952 for use on the IBM 726 tape drive in the IBM 701 computer. It was much easier to handle and easier than the metal band of UNIVAC 1951 introduced use on their UNISERVO tape drive in the UNIVAC I computer. In 1956, cellulose acetate magnetic tape was the more stable PET film tape for use on the IBM 727 tape drive replaced.
Fiber
Cellulose acetate or acetate rayon fiber (1924) is one of the earliest synthetic fibers and is on cotton or tree pulp cellulose ("biopolymers") based. These "cellulosic fibers" have passed their zenith, as cheap petroleum-based fibers (nylon and polyester) have shifted regenerated cellulose fibers.
It was founded by two Swiss brothers, Camille and Henry Dreyfus doctors, who originally invented the chemical research began in a shed behind the house of her father in Basel, Switzerland. In 1905 Camille and Henry developed a commercial process for producing cellulose acetate. The Dreyfus brothers initially on cellulose acetate, which then often used in plastics and celluloid film was concentrated. Until 1913, Camille and Henri studies and experiments produced excellent laboratory samples of continuous filament acetate yarn. In 1918, acetate for the first time in the crowd at the British Celanese plant in Spondon, Derbyshire was prepared. In 1924 the first commercial acetate filament spun in the United States, and brands such as Celanese.
Trade names mentioned Acele acetate, Avisco, Celanese, Chromspun and estrone.
Fiber Properties
Acetate is a very valuable manufactured fiber, which is cheap and good coverage skills. Properties of acetate have promoted it as eauty fiber1]. Acetate is used in fabrics such as satin, brocade is, and Taft to accentuate luster, drape the body, and beauty.
Hand: soft, smooth, dry, fresh, elastic
Comfort: breathes, wicks, dries quickly, hold a static
Drape: Linings move with the body linings to match the garment
Color: deep brilliant colors meet with atmospheric dyeing color fastness requirements
Luster: light reflection creates a signature appearance
Performance: colorfast to perspiration staining, colorfast to dry cleaning, air-and vapor-permeable
Strength: weak fiber with tensile strength of 1.2 to 1.4 g / d; quickly loses strength when wet, must dry clean
Abrasion: poor resistance
Thermal protection: poor heat insulation; (hypoallergenic) no allergenic potential
Staining: (Two methods) Cross-process in the dying yarn of a fiber and those of another fiber to a fabric woven in a desired pattern; dying solution method offers excellent color stability under the influence of sunlight, perspiration, air contaminants and washing [1,2]
Acetate usually requires dry cleaning.
Production
The Federal Trade Commission definition for acetate A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is cellulose acetate. Where no less than 92 percent of the hydroxyl groups are acetylated, the term triacetate may be used as a general description of the fiber. "
Cellulose acetate is made from pulp derived in a deconstruction purified fluffy white cellulose. To get a good product special qualities of the pulps – are used – chemical pulps. A common problem with this is that the reactivity of cellulose is uneven, and thereby the quality of cellulose acetate are sometimes damaged. The cellulose is then treated with acetic acid and acetic anhydride reacted in the presence of sulfuric acid. It is then put through a controlled, partial hydrolysis to sulfate and to provide a sufficient number of acetate groups, the product of the desired To remove properties. The anhydroglucose unit is the basic repeating structure of cellulose and has three hydroxyl groups react to form acetate esters. The most common Form of cellulose acetate fiber has an acetate group on approximately two thirds of the hydroxyls. This cellulose diacetate is known as secondary acetate, or simply as "acetate".
Once it is formed, cellulose acetate in acetone is dissolved in a viscous resin for extrusion through spinnerets (which resemble a shower head). Since the threads result, the solvent is evaporated in warm air via dry spinning process, producing fine cellulose acetate fibers.
First U.S. Commercial acetate production: 1924, Celanese Corporation
Current U.S. acetate Producers: Celanese Acetate, Eastman Chemical Company
Production Method
[Edit]
Purified cellulose from wood pulp or cotton linters
Mixed with glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride and a catalyst
Age 20 hour partial hydrolysis
Precipitated as acid-resin Flakes
Flakes dissolved in acetone
Solution is filtered
Spinning solution extruded in column of warm air. Solvents obtained
Cathodes stretched and ready wound on beams, cones, or bobbins
Acetate fiber characteristics
Cellulosic and thermoplastic
selective absorption and removal of small Quantities of certain organic chemicals
easily connected with plasticizers, heat and pressure
Acetate is soluble in many common solvents (especially acetone and other organic solvents) and can be modified to be soluble in alternative solvents, including water
hydrophilic: acetate wets easily, with good liquid transport and excellent absorption, for textile applications, it offers comfort and absorbency, but also loses strength when wet
Acetate are hypo-allergenic
high surface area
from a renewable raw material: wood pulp
can be composted or incinerated
can be colored are, however, special dyes and pigments are required since acetate does not accept dyes ordinarily used for cotton and viscose (this also allows Cross-dyeing)
resistant to mold and mildew
slightly weakened by strong bases and strong oxidizing agent.
can usually be cleaned or wet dry cleaned and do not usually shrink
Major industrial acetate fiber uses
Clothing: food, blouses, dresses covers, wedding and party clothes, home furnishings, Curtains, upholstery and slip.
Industrial applications: cigarette and other filters, ink reservoirs for markers.
High absorbency products: diapers and surgical products.
The original bricks were made of cellulose acetate produced from 1949 to 1963rd
Award ribbon: rosettes for equestrian events, dog / Cat shows, corporate awards, advertising and labeling of all products using cellulose acetate tape.
KEM high-end cards at the World Series Of Poker & Casino Poker Major areas are made of cellulose acetate.
See also
Cellulose
Safety film
Textile
References
^ From http://www.allaboutvision.com/eyeglasses/eyeglass_frame_materials.htm
^ Abcdef Peter John Turnbull Morris, "The American Synthetic Rubber Research Program", Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-8207-8, Full Text Online, page 258
^ Http: / / www.interiordezine.com / index.cfm / Interior_Design_Finishes / Fibres__artificial_
External Links
Australian national library associations working group conservation acetate collections
History and characteristics
Categories: Acetates | cellulose | Synthetic fibers | Thermoplastics | Transparent materials | Photographic chemical Hidden categories: All articles with statements blank | blank article with statements from February 2007 About the Author
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